The idea that Jewish law demands that a Jewish government act based on secular, rather than religious, concerns is an underappreciated aspect of Jewish political thought. This formulation is taken up in a fascinating 1938 exchange between major Zionist and anti-Zionist religious figures. This session examines the sources, with an eye towards developing new insights on questions of religion and government in Israel and America today. This class was taught at the Avi Schaeffer Fund Symposium 2014.